Which topology consists of a host element connected to two or more receiving elements through a splitter or optical coupler?

The topology that consists of a host element connected to two or more receiving elements through a splitter or optical coupler is known as point-to-multipoint (P2MP) topology. This configuration is characterized by a single source transmitting to multiple endpoints, making it efficient for delivering signals to numerous users without requiring separate connections for each one. The use of splitters or optical couplers allows for the distribution of the signal from the central host to several receivers simultaneously, which is vital in fiber optic networks for cost-effectiveness and simplifying the infrastructure.

In contrast, star topology involves a central hub to which all individual devices connect independently. Tree topology branches out in a hierarchical manner, resembling a tree structure, and bus topology connects devices along a single backbone cable, both of which do not utilize splitters or optical couplers in the same manner as point-to-multipoint topology. This distinction highlights why point-to-multipoint is the correct answer, as it directly describes the specific method of connecting a single host to multiple receiving elements in a network.